What’s Wrong With Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Subjective Likert Scales?: The Reference-Group Effect

Social comparison theory maintains that people think about themselves compared with similar others.  Those in one culture, then, compare themselves with different others and standards than do those in another culture, thus potentially confounding cross-cultural comparisons.

Is It Culture or Is It Language? Examination of Language Effects in Cross-Cultural Research on Categorization

Differences in reasoning styles between Chinese and European Americans held even when controlling for the language of testing. Bilingual Chinese organized objects in a more relational and less categorical way than European Americans, whether tested in English or in Chinese. Thus, culture affects categorization independent of the testing language.

Knowledge Transfer Through Expatriation: The U-curve Approach To Overseas Staffing

While group intellectual capital, manifested in the ability to transfer core competencies from one experience to the next, is critical for sustaining competitive advantage, today's organization faces the difficulty of measuring and managing these intangible assets. Here we examine the unique role of expatriate managers in enhancing group intellectual capital by facilitating the transfer of knowledge across national borders.

Motivated Response Styles: The Role of Cultural Values, Regulatory Focus, and Self-Consciousness in Socially Desirable Responding

Three studies investigated the relations between cultural values and socially desirable responding, the processes that underlie them, and factors that influence the strength of the relations. Results indicated that individualism was associated with self-deceptive enhancement but not impression management, whereas collectivism was associated with impression management but not self-deceptive enhancement.

Toward a New Generation of Cross-Cultural Research

In this article, we describe how cross-cultural research methodologies have evolved, with each phase of research addressing limitations of a previous one.

Assessing the Development of Cross-Cultural Competence in Soldiers

The contemporary operational environment is often characterized by ambiguous, multi-cultural contexts, where Army Soldiers must rapidly adapt without extensive prior knowledge of a region or its people. Ongoing training development efforts are addressing the need for general cross-cultural competence, but this broad competence must be clearly defined and assessed in order to determine if Soldiers are being adequately prepared.

A Developmental Model of Cross-Cultural Competence at the Tactical Level

Non-kinetic engagements in multi-cultural settings are becoming the norm for deployed Soldiers, and the ability to operate effectively within these environments is critical to mission success.

Cracking the Nonverbal Code: Intercultural Competence and Gesture Recognition Across Cultures

The purpose of this set of studies was to assess whether the ability to distinguish between real and fake gestures in a foreign setting is positively associated with cultural adjustment to that setting.

Motivation, Leadership and Organization: Do American Theories Apply Abroad?

A well-known experiment used in organizational behavior courses involves showing the class an ambiguous picture--one that can be interpreted in two different ways.

Nonverbal Communication in the Contemporary Operating Environment

This report describes a conceptual framework for teaching specific nonverbal behavior (NVB) concepts and cues designed to provide maximum benefit to Soldiers and makes specific recommendations about how such a curriculum may be taught.