Campaign planning for major operations including Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) continues to be a challenge for the United States military. This monograph proposes that a major deficiency in current Joint doctrine is the failure to conduct cultural assessment of population groups in an area of operations and to integrate these results into the campaign planning process. Cultural assessment, as defined in this monograph, is a detailed analysis of factors that influence cultural behavior and a summary of the characteristics of that culture of a given population in relation to proposed military operations.